Global village Essay Example for Free

Worldwide town Essay America was a period of testing authority and set up shows. It was into this time a Professor of Media learns at Toronto University rose to media character status. Marshall Mcluhan is well known for acquainting society with infectious truisms, for example, â€Å"the medium is the message†. In spite of the fact that his speculations have consistently been challenged, they were well known at that point and are right now getting a charge out of a recovery. One such hypothesis is his vision of the â€Å"Global Village† which I will talk about in this exposition. To comprehend the term, an appreciation of a portion of his different thoughts is important. Mcluhan was impacted by Harold Adams Innis who recommended that every mode of correspondence had a period â€Å"bias† which influenced the dependability of society. To put it plainly, he saw that â€Å"time biased† media, for example, stone cutting would suffer time and lead to a steady society. â€Å"Space biased† media, for example, papyrus, could without much of a stretch be overhauled and lead to a flimsy culture (Meyrowitz 1985:17). Mcluhan went past this to propose that various media have â€Å"sensory bias† (Postman went past this to contend that the medium contains a â€Å"ideological bias†). Mcluhan considered each to be media innovation as an expansion of some human workforce. In The Medium is the Massage he notes, â€Å"All new media are expansions of some human faculty† (Mcluhan and Fiore 1967:26). The book shows a few models; the wheel of the foot, the book of the eye, apparel of the skin and electronic hardware of the focal sensory system. Regarding the â€Å"global village† the last expansion is the most significant. He considered us to be breaking our binds with a nearby society and, through our new electronic expansions, associating all around to another universe of absolute contribution. â€Å"We now live in a Global Village†¦a concurrent happening† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:63). He alludes to the town as a worldwide network, existing with a degree of association related with little provincial settlings. We can see proof for this as far as what is in some cases named a â€Å"always on† culture. News traversed the globe, 1 of every 6 individuals own a cell phone (Guardian 2002) and the Internet crushes old hindrances of correspondence. Be that as it may, the Internet was in its outset when Mcluhan utilized the term, which was first utilized in light of radio. There is some discussion over the inception of the term â€Å"global village†. Eric Mcluhan composes that James Joyce reffered to a comparable expression, as did Wyndham Lewis. His supposition is that his dad was likely previously building up the idea and thought that it was referenced in Lewis’ work a short time later. Mcluhan’s perspective on the â€Å"Global Village† was sure. He saw it advocating more noteworthy social association and composed, â€Å"In an electronic data condition, minority gatherings can never again be ignored† This is an innovative determinist disposition as it holds the medium as the single key to their contribution. Mcluhan likewise notes, â€Å"there is positively no certainty as long as there is an eagerness to think about what is happening† (Mcluhan and Fiore 1967:25). This is fairly at chances with some of Mcluhan’s other material. He regularly offers beautifully incredible expressions about our powerlessness despite innovation (â€Å"All media work us over completely† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:26)). Advanced TV offers expanding intelligence with Internet capacities, for example, email and web based banking accessible close to more noteworthy amusement decisions. It is being put to an elective use in shielded lodging by permitting occupants in trouble to contact the chief; a case of how new innovation is including minority gatherings. In any case, with the approach of computerized TV the Government has felt obligated to sell the telecom range that simple involves and is intending to do as such before 2010. The impacts of this look set to make a more noteworthy partition than the one it mended. half of homes as of now have computerized TV however 33% of homes can't get advanced TV by any stretch of the imagination. A report by the Department of Trade and Industry found that 6% of the populace are probably going to protest the switch-off dependent on the expense of overhauling and the conviction that we observe an excess of TV (The Observer, 2004). In the event that the simple sign were to be turned off, the individuals who couldn’t (or wouldn’t) get computerized TV would have no entrance to TV. The hole among rich and poor would quicken and a more prominent social separation would exist. Mechanical Determinists allude to a â€Å"technological revolution† and since the development of this term there has been worry for those left outside. The issue is more unpredictable than Mcluhan presents it and subject to factors past that of simply the medium. In Mcluhan’s time the Internet was a long way from the across the board office it is today. He kicked the bucket in 1980, yet just 5 years after the fact the framework to which the expression â€Å"online community† is most appropriate was operational. Web gatherings permit various individuals over the globe to chat continuously. The Internet appears to give the most persuading contention to the â€Å"global village†. With broadband most activities are moment, permitting the client to banter, move cash, see data and request items paying little mind to topography. Mcluhan’s thought of electronic hardware broadening the sensory system is simpler to understand when you consider somebody taking a seat at a PC. The physical activity of composing turns into the reason, yet the impact is acknowledged in an electronic worldwide system. Meyrowitz takes note of how â€Å"At one time, guardians had the capacity to teach a youngster by sending the kid to their room-a type of ex-correspondence from social interaction† (Meyrowitz 1985:Preface). This is not true anymore. The Internet offers the chance of broadening our focal sensory system over the globe. It is characteristic in today’s society and much has been composed over its social impacts. Wellman and Gulia comment, â€Å"those on either side of this discussion declare that the Internet will make either awesome new types of network or will pulverize correspondence altogether† (Wellman: â€Å"The Networked Community†). The fact of the matter is probably not going to be as clear as this (despite the fact that Mcluhan’s â€Å"global village† would propose that it is). Meyrowitz has contended that new media obscure the limits among open and private conduct (Meyrowitz 1985:93-114). A similar title text in a paper and read by a newsreader are two distinct messages. Print media doesn't welcome a similar profundity of character examination that TV does. The open communicate starts to consolidate a private circumstance and welcomes an individual perusing of the moderator. The individual landing page is an express case of the obscuring among open and private limits. Individuals from varying backgrounds are making accessible to the associated world their introduction of themselves. Cheung takes note of how it very well may be emancipatory as it permits you to practice your introduction (Cheung 2000). Dissimilar to up close and personal correspondence you can refine your introduction until you are content. Mcluhan visualized the â€Å"global village† as making a more prominent degree of social contribution and somewhat we can see this event with the individual landing page. People are connecting with a worldwide mass crowd to state, â€Å"this is me†. Grosswiler takes note of that Mcluhan â€Å"would have concurred with the possibility that electronic media increment the longing for closeness and closeness in the Global Village† (Grosswiler 1998:118). Anyway there is an issue in characterizing what we mean by â€Å"closeness and intimacy†. An individual page is more close to home than the BBC landing page yet not as close to home as eye to eye correspondence. Mcluhan would contend that the â€Å"closeness and intimacy† on the individual site page is the main kind that exists as we live in the â€Å"global village†. For Mcluhan there was no other town and closeness could be with anybody, anyplace. There is a propensity by the individuals who consider the Internet in a mechanically determinist approach to see it in separation. The Internet is for the vast majority not the totality of their social association, in spite of the fact that it is getting expanding conceivable to carry on with your existence without human contact. It is conceivable to arrange nearly all that you could require utilizing the Internet, yet town focuses still exist. I may converse with companions on the web yet most of correspondence with them will be up close and personal. Mcluhan is regularly blamed for misrepresenting his decisions and this is apparent. While the individual site page is well known it doesn’t give a significant arrangement of connection. It additionally certain that while a minority of individuals make companions on the web, eye to eye connections contain the dominant part. Mcluhan’s well known maxim â€Å"the medium is the message,† speaks to the conviction that the medium itself has social effect of which the majority are typically viewed as unconscious. On the off chance that the intensity of the media is so incredible, how could it be that determinists, for example, Mcluhan can remain outside of it to remark? Besides Mcluhan believed that when we know about something as condition, a more prominent procedure must be in actuality (Mcluhan, Eric). Be that as it may, Mcluhan was viewed as sufficiently educated to sit on a barricade set to look at â€Å"the totality of interchanges issues in present day society† (McBride refered to in Briggs and Burke 2002:258-260). The result of this report would have made fascinating perusing however shockingly political conditions ended procedures. Perhaps I would talk about an alternate idea if the report had proceeded. Mcluhan once commented that the one thing a fish doesn't know about is water. The water decides everything the fish does yet the fish is willfully ignorant.

Cleaning Up After The Exxon Valdez Was free essay sample

A Mistake Essay, Research Paper Tidying Up after the Exxon Valdez Was A Mistake Through numerous long periods of research I have established that the spill cleaning methods used to clean the Prince William Sound nation of Alaska accomplished more injury than go forthing the oil where it was. The Alaskan oil slick has gotten the most considered and overseen occasion of its sort. In spite of the fact that there is non much that should be possible about the marine life that came into direct contact with the oil, the geologic impacts that the oil brought into the nation should hold been left to nature to retouch. To comprehend the impacts of the oil to the nation, it is best that you know a little spot about the oil itself. There are numerous kinds of oil, yet as a rule they contain 100s, even 1000s of various mixes. Some are straight-chain hydrocarbons with C Numberss runing from 4 or 5 to at least 35. Different hydrocarbons have fanned ironss with an expansive extent of C Numberss. Fragrant mixes, for example, benzine, methylbenzene, and polynuclear hydrocarbons are well present. Different parts incorporate waxes and unpredictable, high sub-atomic weight asphaltenes. ( Abelson ) All of these substances and more are available in Prudhoe Bay oil. When ingested, the vast majority of the mixes are atoxic. Imperative prohibitions are a portion of the fragrant mixes, including benzine and methylbenzene. After an unpleasant oil is spilled in a marine situation, numerous methodology follow. Common oil has a thickness of about 0.85, pretty much, and this factor joined with air flows, wave activity, and flows prompts spreading, which is extremely quick during the initial 24 hours. During that period the greater part of the constituents holding breaking points beneath 200 [ deg. ] C volatilize. As a result a portion of the harmful synthetic concoctions, for example, benzine are expelled. ( The making out of the gliding blend is farther changed right away and along these lines by photooxidation, biodegradation, dissipating, and crumbling. Around a twenty-four hours after the spill, contingent upon temperature and coax activity, an emulsification of oil and ocean H2O happens, taking to arrangement of an incredibly sweet stuff that contains around 70 % H2O. This stuff is extremely gluey, and it clings to pretty much all articles that it experiences, including winged animals and ocean otters. Abelson ) There has been one investigation of a minor fish executing in Prince Willia m Sound. Perceptions at other oil slicks show that spread oil is non harmful to zooplankton when ingested. It is wiped out in the fecal issues. As a rule, oil synthetic compounds are non packed in the supplement connection. There are numerous ways that nature fights oil in the earth, when it gets put where its non state to be. After all harsh oil is a characteristic bit of our condition. In one overview intended to mimic the impacts of moving edges and tides, contact with saltwater gave the dark, gluey oil # 8220 ; the fleece visual part of a flocculated emulsion # 8221 ; that no longer unequivocally holds fast great to dregs, Bragg considers. Seawater made up around 80 for every centum of these cloud-like totals. The rest of generally of mineral grains steadily bound to oil beads 1 to 10 micrometers in distance across. ( Beached ) For case, the Exxon researchers found that flocculation can build the nation of the oil-water interface # 8212 ; in some cases by up to multiple times. This builds the likeliness that the more poisonous, water-solvent fragrant synthetic concoctions will drain from the oil, Bragg says. Besides, it extends the nation accessible for hydrocarbonhungry bacteriums to lock on to, along these lines facilitating the oil # 8217 ; s separation. In fact, H2O taken from oiled sea shore store uncovered that dynamic bacteriums ordinarily make up segment of any obviously created oil-mud floc. Flocculation other than elucidates another once puzzling perception: the relatively fast vanishing of oil from even peaceful, protected narrows. Most research laborers anticipated that oil should win in these nations, where corrading moving edges and residue movement rarely happen, in any event, during storms. In any case, tries by Bragg and his associates indicated that moving edges exorbitantly feeble to travel silt littorals could in any case drive the flocculation-encouraged remotion of oil, abdominal muscle initio at paces of 3 for each centum per hr. Bragg says it currently gives the idea that each fade tide may take some O Illinois †much after substantial enduring has rendered oil hesitate and extremely constant in H2O. The astoundingly high degrees of # 8220 ; mineral mulcts # 8221 ; # 8212 ; mud # 8220 ; flours # 8221 ; created by nearby icy masses # 8212 ; along the southern Alaskan shoreline added to the amazingly proficient emulsification of stranded Valdez oil, the Exxon surveies demonstrate. ( Beached ) They other than propose that adding such flours to shores with low mud substance may increase the common murdering of oil slicks in the great beyond. The Alaska Current enters the Sound on the E and issues on the West. This stream has shielded a portion of the Sound from significant corrupt and has conveyed segment of the spill out of the Sound. As an outcome of arranged physical, natural, and synthetic strategies, the stock rundown of oil in Prince William Sound ( initially 10 million gallons ) dropped around 70 % during the initial 4 hebdomads after the spill. The U.S. Timberland Service, one department dynamic at the site, cites an Exxon estimation as follows: dissipated, 35 % ; recuperated, 17 % ; consumed, 8 % ; biodegraded, 5 % ; scattered, 5 % . The total in the signifier of oil slipperinesss on Prince William Sound added up to 10 % of the first spill ; that on the shoreline, 18 % . A major armada of vass was wipe uping up the slipperinesss, and in great conditions was catching around 120,000 gallons a twenty-four hours. Past experience has demonstrated that one time the slipperinesss become meager ( a few microns ) they ar e sensibly immediately obliterated by photooxidation and microbial activity. ( Abelson ) One of the boss brightening occupations was the shoreline. The shorelines were darkened by the initial 24-hours of the spill. To the tidy up teams this was even more an open dealingss work than a geologic activity since the insight media made an enormous exchange of it. This offended the people and the main thing that the tidy up teams needed to make was spotless it and clean it quick. They made a huge blunder by using hard-hitting hot H2O cleaners. The frequently utilized high-pressure, hot H2O flushing other than # 8220 ; demolishes a group of marine life that in any case endure the spill, # 8221 ; watches Alan J. Mearns of NOAA # 8217 ; s biological recuperation observing arrangement in Seattle. Rockweed, an earthy colored alga, demonstrated its most extraordinary casualty. Once speaking to up to 90 for each centum of the intertidal works mass in certain nations of Prince William Sound, it essentially vanished in numerous nations exposed to hot H2O, researchers revealed. What's more, especially in higher flowing zones, rockweed # 8217 ; s recuperation stays moderate. ( Raloff ) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) declared that, in spite of the best guidance so accessible, washing the oil off 400 detail mis of sea shore with ground-breaking waterways of hot saltwater # 8211 ; the main clasp this has been utilized as the essential murdering way for a spill # 8211 ; was more damaging than go forthing the oil where it was. In footings of the bounteousness and decent variety of life, oiled sea shore s that were left untreated are presently comparative much of the time to destinations where no oil had come shorewards, state NOAA # 8217 ; s fundamental researcher, marine life researcher Sylvia Earle. Rewarded sea shores are unmistakably in the most noticeably terrible structure. ( Kerr ) In choice at that spot will most presumably be no since quite a while ago run impacts of the oil slick. The endeavors to clean it will add to the clasp of recuperation, yet Mother Nature will make up for lost time and before to crave you will non have the option to express that an oil slick even happened, both cosmetically and biologically. The cash used to clean the spill was to a great extent for the open # 8217 ; s favoring. They cleaned for the vitality and the media. Weight washing only executed the creatures and workss on the shorelines. Sylvia Earle says: # 8220 ; Sometimes the best, and incidentally the most hard, thing to make despite a natural fiasco is to make nothing. # 8221 ; Notices 1. Abelson, Philip H. , Oil Spills, American Association for the Advancement of Science, May 12,1989 v244 n4905 p629 ( 1 ) . 2. Kerr, Richard A. , An exercise learned, again, at Valdez. , American Association for the Advancement of Science, April 19, 1991 v252 n5004 p371 ( 1 ) . 3. Stranded Valdez oil fled in floc. , Science News, May 8, 1993 v143 n19 p302 ( 1 ) 4. Raloff, Janet, Valdez spill leaves changeless oil impacts. , Science News, Feb 13, 1993 v143 n7 p102 ( 2 )

The benefits&limitations&ethical implications of a research method in Essay

The benefits&limitations&ethical ramifications of an examination technique with regards to a specific procedure - Essay Example In member perception the specialist partakes or gets engaged with the current exercises of the network and report perceptions. For the most part the onlooker accept the job being investigated (Flick, 2009). Be that as it may, like other research strategies, member perception with regards to ethnography has advantages and impediments. This exposition investigates these qualities and shortcomings, just as its moral ramifications. Advantages and Limitations Participant perception concedes the specialist the chance to investigate wonder from within. They are important in ethnography when practices and musings can be recognized and acknowledged best in their regular circumstance or when the spectator intends to investigate social elements or social pattern over some stretch of time. They produce a wide exhibit of data or information about the reactions of people and give scientists the chance to assemble speculations from the data accumulated (Hume and Mu, 2004). Notwithstanding, the key advantage of member perception for ethnography is that it delivers a precise comprehension of how people play out their every day exercises or errands. It presents honest information on how people see social or cultural procedures, standards, and jobs when concentrated deliberately, which infers that the specialist isn't just playing out a perception but at the same time is looking at settings, circumstances, or associations with a supposition of how cooperation or correspondence must be occurring (Kirby, 2000). Consequently, member perception inside the setting of ethnography is a field that must be known to all corporate or hierarchical experts. An ideal model is the means by which Gary DiCamillo, the CEO of Polaroid Corporation, acted when he took on the corporate situation during the 1990s (Stacks, 2010, 191). Beside meeting the individuals from the association, he checked the distinctive Polaroid destinations, visited the control habitats and offices, and took part in exchanges about the organization with chiefs and representatives. Because of his ceaseless member perception, he had the option to find the company’s solid and feeble focuses, and to design his future activities for Polaroid (Stacks, 2010, 191). Basically, as indicated by Gummesson (1999), member perception allows the scientist to have a significant, empathetic, and socially delicate information on how people see the world. It is especially significant in the ‘exploratory’ period of an ethnographic investigation (Myers, 2008), when analysts have a muddled or uncertain thought of what they are attempting to find or comprehend and an indistinct thought of what they will discover. The significant restriction of member perception inside the setting of ethnography includes the measure of exertion, time, and related costs it requires (Bryman and Bell, 2007). What's more, since member perception for the most part requires just a single scientist in a specific social circumstance , it is difficult to see whether different specialists would assess angles comparably and it is difficult to decide how for the most part results might be identified with different circumstances (Symon and Cassell, 1998; Collis and Hussey, 2009). Along these lines one of the significant impediments of member perception is unwavering quality. In synopsis, the qualities of member perception are as per the following: the specialist is receptive to new thoughts; it can examine the most profound parts of social procedures or social elements; it accept the job or point of view of

Peter Kolchin, American Slavery

For the past 25 years Edmund S. Morgan has been one of the most productive and regarded creators of early American history. This is a fantastic, inside and out review of Virginia?s pilgrim experience, with an accentuation on how the apparently opposing organizations of subjugation and equalitarian republicanism grew all the while. In fact, Morgan contends that Virginians? meaning of opportunity, and their very capacity to build up a republican political framework, settled upon the making of African bondage. Morgan shows that organized subjection didn't really need to turn out to be a piece of British colonization; the most punctual Englishmen to dream of a pilgrim domain sought after the foundation of an idealistic network in which locals could profit by edified English administration that perceived the characteristic privileges everything being equal. Early English pioneers even assisted with sorting out rebellions against the Spanish by their slaves in Latin America, and keeping in mind that they were spurred by their own advantages in doing as such, they unmistakably were eager to treat their slave co-schemers as equivalents. Be that as it may, the idealistic period of colonization passed on with the bombed settlement at Roanoke during the 1580s. The originators of Jamestown immediately learned prejudice towards the Indians, whom Morgan estimates they spurred into fighting out of disappointment at their own powerlessness to help themselves. The settlement in the end got prosperous as the pilgrims figured out how to create tobacco for advertise, yet it was not really the perfect society imagined by the authors. Work deficiencies were endemic, as to make a benefit grower expected to control countless contracted hirelings. Tragically (for the grower), workers required distinctly to serve for a restricted period before setting up business for themselves, and in this way making rivalry for the grower. To check this opposition, grower made it hard for freedmen to purchase terrains of their own (territory was ample, yet grounds with access to transportation had been completely hoarded by the enormous grower), which came about in freedmen prior planting, and getting apathetic, idle, and on occasion insubordinate. In addition, grower treated their obligated workers so inadequately that as updates on their condition floated back to England, less of the mother country?s poor were eager to agreement themselves, particularly as the weights of overpopulation were being decreased at home.

So, youre applying to college.

So, you’re applying to college. If youre applying early (to MIT or elsewhere), youre probably nearing the tail end of your paperwork. If youre applying regular action, you probably arent. For well over a year, from my rural roost, I sort of idealized MIT. The more I read, the more I learned, the more I wanted to live here and study here. Who wouldnt want to be in the center of the worlds technology research, with the worlds brightest minds, in the urban locale of Boston and in the cosmopolitan Northeast? In. If only I were to get in, I thought, Id be set. My life would be made. And Id finally be the heck away from the desert. But it wasnt immediately obvious that beyond the new bedroom, the different desk, and the temperamental window shade, Id still be the same person underneath. I still like trains and I still enjoy panini sandwiches with fresh basil. I still like sleeping late on weekends, and tears, smiles, and hugs still feel the same to me. The tools and responses and personality Ive developed over the course of my life make me who I am. College will just lead me to another logical stage of development, one of career plans or just a new direction in which to mosey. Id be the same person with the same ambitions, interests, and traits had I decided to attend any other university or college, even my local community college. If youve got your heart set on a specific school, take a few steps back and ask yourself why. If youre thinking about MIT, your answers will likely be forthcoming and copious. But if you wind up somewhere else in the end, just remember that youll be successful wherever you go. It is you that makes you, not your school. :-)

An Impact Of Net Neutrality - Free Essay Example

Net Neutrality is a huge issue in public administration today. The internet has become an integral part of the present culture and economy. Worldwide, the internet gives everyone a similar chance, regardless of whether you are million dollar organization or somebody beginning a business from scratch. But, the more the internet grows means that more money would be made as well. To pick up preference over contenders organizations are beginning to pay Internet Service Providers for a top notch association with advantages like more data transfer capacity or a more straightforward association giving them a quick lane. The ISP demonstrations just as an entrance ramp to the web expressway. Presently, none of that is accurate. A bunch of huge companies is in charge when it comes to the internet. They have the ability to do whatever they want. The web expressway has transformed into a toll street. In the event that an independent company or a family unit cant pay the toll, they wouldnt be able to access the internet. Although many believe that the internet ought to be kept free from standards and consistent with its unhindered industrial plan, laws should be made so organizations cant pay ISPs for increasingly dependable associations, since this would make it feasible for vast organizations to have an out of line advantage over littler contenders making restraining infrastructures and in the end harming the purchaser from an absence of rivalry between organizations. We have been battling this fight for quite a long time and we have lost it. The time has come, to make the certification of aggregate internet fairness a piece of the U.S Constitution. We require a constituti onal revision to ensure everybodys entrance to this imperative open utility. Equalization should be kept on the internet and all organizations should be required to have the same internet access. Individuals may surmise this isnt imperative or doesnt relate to them yet it does and will keep on winding up progressively pertinent to the normal American. Some dont watch motion picture on the web or they dont have a mobile phone however it is relatively sure that this pattern of hoarding on the web ventures without limitations will proceed to spread this sick pattern of utilizing the internet to do regular undertakings. One of these assignments incorporates retail shopping which almost everybody does. Internet shopping is winding up progressively mainstream and consistently the business develops by around 10 percent, online deals presently make up 6.6 percent of all retail buys versus in store shopping, by 2020 online buys are anticipated to make up 10%, of the aggregate. Consistently IBM gathers information from more than 800 U.S. retail locations on Thanksgiving Day and the day after Thanksgiving utilizing a client commitment stage worth 45.6 billion. In 2014, the report from N ovember 28th states that: Thanksgiving Day mobile traffic represented 52.1 percent of all online action; mobile phones have outpaced their pc accomplices for web scrutinizing. The day after Thanksgiving convenient activity achieved 49.6 percent of all online movement an expansion of 25 percent over a year ago. The shopping extravaganza following Thanksgiving versatile deals represented 27.9 percent of aggregate online deals up, 28.2 percent more than 2013. This demonstrates it is workable for the greater part of all retail deals to be online on a normal day of the year the foundation is there and the transportation organizations can deal with the gigantic increment of requests put. The rates are considerably higher on Thanksgiving Day because many people are unable to leave their homes and families which makes it easier for the, to order online using a cellphone or computer. As web based shopping turns out to be increasingly more advantageous the measure of individuals who burn through the vast majority of their cash shopping on the web will likewise increment. Advances in the transportation business and mechanical ventures that manage how we see and cooperate with digitized objects on the web, it will increase online purchases. In the long run more cash will be spent by customers online than in stores and numerous different administrations that you pay for will likewise be changed over to web based acquiring groups, this have an effect on everyone. Internet connection in your home isnt a luxury but, it has become a necessity with more than 80 percent of Americans paying for internet access each month. Speed is the main factor when looking for an internet service. Speed is generally what individuals are searching for Internet access. There are numerous variables that decide how quick something goes from being chosen on a gadget to being loaded and showed: the speed of the gadget you are utilizing the speed of your Internet access the quality and closeness of a sites servers how well known what you are seeing is the season of day alongside a relatively incalculable rundown of different components. Since there are such a large number of variables that can influence your general speed, there are enormous media organizations that need to streamline every one of the procedures that it takes to stack content by improving manages ISPs to incorporate their administrations or acquire more straightforward utilization of their systems. Netflix is as of now making the greatest push for these profound sites ISP mixes. The explanation behind this is they utilize the most information. As stated by Sandvine Intelligent Broadband Networks, a systems administration gear organization situated in Canada with an immense arrangement of hardware with information gathering capacities around North America, Netflix keeps on being the unchallenged pioneer for activity in North America representing 31.6% of downstream movement amid pinnacle. That is a gigantic number, there are a huge number of sites, yet Netflix still expends over 30% off all downloaded information in all of North America. YouTube is next with over 18% and the rest are on the whole under 10%. This implies none of the contenders even verged on requiring the measure of information taking care of capacities of Netflix. Amazon video is the following greatest video spilling organization as far as downloaded information and they just utilize 1.61% of the Internet. Netflix simply needs to have the capacity to give a progressively dependable speed in the least expensive way that is available, and now the least expensive approach to show signs of improvement administration to their clients is with ISP incorporation. While this sounds like an innocuous plan to encourage purchasers, it is basically an enormous organization paying other huge organizations a great deal of cash to give their administration an out of line advantage over contenders. Syndications like t his have been ended up being terrible for the economy as the majority of their opposition vanishes and there is never again any need to enhance their administrations. Google is a case of an organization attempting to take care of this issue; In the mid-2000s they managed a comparative issue. Microsoft was making a great deal of cash off of their Windows and Office Suite programming and in addition different administrations. They had around a 90% piece of the overall industry of PCs sold. They previously had everybody purchasing their PCs and programming and didnt need individuals to investigate different alternatives on the web. This would one say one is reason they didnt spend the cash to build up a decent internet browser for what reason would they? At the time Google.com was turning into a gigantic site and they ended up mindful of the way that the Internet wasnt as main stream as it could be a direct result of Microsofts Internet Explorer being a trashy internet browser. They chose to make an amazing internet browser that gave individuals access to every one of the highlights they needed: Google Chrome. This extended Internet use monstrously and helped make Google the organization it is today. In 2012 Google perceived the issue with moderate avaricious ISPs and propelled Google Fiber to battle terrible esteem Internet bundles, a procedure like their Google Chrome venture. It is an Internet organize that puts out 1000 Mbps download and transfer for $70 per month (or $120 with a TV bundle). They likewise have a possibility for 5 mbps download and transfer for nothing. To place that in examination, the following best alternative on the off chance that you needed a quick association was Verizon FiOS which would give you 300 Mbps down and 100 Mbps up, this with a TV bundle would cost you $320 every month. At that point a 5 Mbps association would cost around $30-$45 every month. It was as of late discovered that Google is making cash off of Google Fiber which came as an amazement to many. Making cash isnt the fundamental motivation behind Google Fiber yet it indicated exactly how old the present Internet suppliers truly are. They charge ordinarily more per Mbps and convey paces of around half of the typical expense while Google Fiber has been accounted for to remain at, or extremely almost, 1000 Mbps. Googles principle reason with Google Fiber is to upset the Internet business and to give a genuine, un-cornered Internet alternative. Not just have they vexed the business and changed the mindset and fulfillment of clients, theyve demonstrated that giving purchasers everything they can, and at the most reduced value they can bear, really works. These issues with Internet correspondence are just the same old thing new; unhindered internet has dependably been looked for after. A few laws have even been instituted to treat and this imbalance. Open Knowledge, a site with experienced and eminent staff, in the discussion of unhindered internet clarifies its idea and advises whats been done to keep the Internet approach: Unhindered internet is the rule that Internet specialist organizations should empower access to all substance and applications similarly, paying little heed to the source, without favoring or blocking specific online administrations or sites. The guideline the organization that associates you to the Internet does not get the chance to control what you do on the Internet. Unhindered internet rules were set up by the FCC in their 2010 Open Internet Order. These principles avert Internet Service Providers (ISPs) like Verizon from blocking or victimizing certain online administrations. Web movement can be so awful now and again that it is difficult to stream video from a site. On the off chance that Netflix is excluded from these congested driving conditions the ISP is in a roundabout way blocking administrations other than Netflix. This is against the FCCs guidelines and ought to be unlawful. ISPs need to give an enduring arrangement by redesigning their systems. In the FCCs 2010 Open Internet Order, decides were likewise made that set up abnormal state rules requiring straightforwardness. Anyway there are numerous mystery bargains going ahead between organizations to either profit or show signs of improvement benefit. Apt, one of the biggest ISPs on the planet was as of late found to throttle their clients when they utilized Netflix. They did this since they didnt care for how much information Netflix clients were utilizing and requested that Netflix pay them, Netflix cannot and they backed them off on their system. The majority of this had been occurring in mystery in March, it was as of late found through a mystery archive that somebody found and transferred to a Google discussion on November 5th. This revealing of insight into this unpredictable and unlawful arrangement influenced individuals to understand this is only a glimpse of a larger problem. Organizations are unlawfully making undisclosed arrangements and contracts to endeavor to make their rivals bankrupt. It is actually unlawful yet there have been no results; the FCCs principles should be surveyed and changed to wind up increasingly strict, and the disciplines should be implemented. Conclusion The negative impacts of permitting sites and Internet Service Providers to make extraordinary arrangements giving them favorable position over contenders far exceed the bunch of constructive outcomes. It would at least give excessively capacity to organizations that have turned out to be imperative in Americans regular daily existences. A great many people require Internet, and the vast majority need to stream music and recordings on the web. These administrations should be kept cheap and accessible to anybody. To keep the enterprises break even with, the power that organizations are permitted to have should be constrained. The opposition that accompanies equity brings numerous incredible long haul progresses that would not occur on the off chance that one organization governed a whole market. Enabling organizations to make contracts to get an edge over the opposition would bring many momentary livens yet would be more awful for the business generally speaking. Web access Providers need to overhaul their system limits as opposed to constraining their clients to utilize their outdated innovation. Finish straightforwardness additionally should be built up relating to bargains that media organizations make with ISPs. Laws additionally should be upheld and the punishments for breaking them should be sufficiently satisfactory that an organization wont make illicit arrangements, in dread of the punishments that could be confronted. The Internet all in all, customers,and organizations that pursue the standards and keep on pushing new advancements will all profit by controls like these. References DOrazio, D. (2013, October 01). ATT tries to beat Google to Austin, launches fiber internet in December. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/1/4790718/att-u-verse-gigapower-broadband-austin-launch-in-december Yunk, M. (n.d.). The Roaring Tip Sheet: Cyber Monday Marketing and Beyond. Retrieved October 28, 2015, from https://www.roaringpajamas.com/cyber-monday-marketing/ Desjardins, J. (2018, April 23). How Google retains more than 90% of market share. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/how-google-retains-more-than-90-of-market-share-2018-4 FCC Releases Open Internet Order. (2018, October 07). Retrieved March 12, 2015, from https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-releases-open-internet-order Cullen, C. (n.d.). Sandvine releases 2018 Global Internet Phenomena Report. Retrieved October 2, 2018, from https://www.sandvine.com/press-releases/sandvine-releases-2018-global-internet-phenomena-report US E-Commerce Sales as Percent of Retail Sales:. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ycharts.com/indicators/ecommerce_sales_as_percent_retail_sales Ritzo, C. (n.d.). M-Lab. Retrieved October 28, 2014, from https://www.measurementlab.net/blog/2014_interconnection_report/

On Deaf Ears The Limits Of The Bully Pulpit - 1181 Words

July 13, 2015 Sam Pryor Book Review – On Deaf Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit This book is a bold work by George C. Edwards in which he shares his views of the political system in the US and how it has evolved over time. He has touched almost every president since the 1930s and brought to light some interesting details about how presidents have followed patterns and used their own style of actions to meet their unique objectives. The book describes in detail the attitudes of presidents and reflects his views on presidency. For instance, he has expressed three premises about presidential leadership: public support is used as a social resource by president, presidents must take interest in the problems of the people in order to actually garner support rather than just delivering speeches, and the public can be mobilized successfully by permanent campaigns. Thus, he draws the attention of readers by explaining how campaigns are not what precede the election results but a continuing mechanism through which the presidents continuously keep in touch with the public in order for their images to stay fresh and active among public. He challenges the views of other prominent social scientists who have expressed strong views on president’s power to change public opinion. Furthermore, he argues that even rhetorically skilled presidents have found itShow MoreRelatedInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 PagesBut there s still a lot of uninsured [money] out there, and that was being pulled out, especially with these business transaction accounts. Typically business transaction accounts will exceed, the payroll accounts will exceed the insured deposit limits. Also, counterparties were concerned about whether they were going to be able to roll their debt. That was a much larger institution, and it was more diversified. And at that point, that was actually the first time we decided to invoke our systemic

Mary Shelley British Author of the Novel Frankenstein

Mary Shelley is known for  writing the novel Frankenstein; married to the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley; daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin. She was born on  August 30, 1797 and lived until  February 1, 1851.   Her full name was  Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley. Family Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft (who died of complications from the birth) and William Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was raised by her father and a stepmother. Her education was informal, as as typical of that time, especially for daughters. Marriage In 1814, after a brief acquaintance, Mary eloped with the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father refused to speak with her for several years afterwards. They married in 1816, soon after Percy Shelleys wife committed suicide. After they married, Mary and Percy tried to get custody of his children but they failed to do so. They had three children together who died in infancy, then Percy Florence was born in 1819. Writing Career Shes known today as a member of the Romantic circle, as the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, and as the author of the novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, published in 1818. Frankenstein enjoyed immediate popularity upon its publication, and has inspired many imitations and versions, including many film versions in the 20th century. She wrote it when her husbands friend and associate, George, Lord Byron, suggested that each of the three (Percy Shelley, Mary Shelley and Byron) each write a ghost story. She wrote several more novels and some short stories, with historical, Gothic or science fiction themes. She also edited an edition of Percy Shelleys poems, 1830. She was left to struggle financially when Shelley died, though she was able, with support from Shelleys family, to travel with her son after 1840. Her biography of her husband was unfinished at her death. Background Mother: Mary WollstonecraftFather: William GodwinSiblings: half-sister Fanny Imlay Marriage, Children husband: Percy Bysshe Shelley (married 1816; poet)children:Percy Florence Books About Mary Shelley: Buss, Helen M. et al. Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley: Writing Lives. 2001.Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. 1989.Seymour, Miranda. Mary Shelley. 2001.Florescu, Radu R. In Search of Frankenstein: Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelleys Monster. 1997.Schoene-Harwood, Berthold and Richard Beynon. Mary Shelley: Frankenstein - Columbia Critical Guides.Shelley, Mary. Collected Tales and Stories. Charles E. Robinson, editor. 1990.Shelley, Mary. Collected Tales with Original Engravings.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein: the 1818 Text: Contexts, Nineteenth-Century Responses, Modern Criticism - A Norton Critical Edition. 1996.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus. Angela Carter, introduction. 1992.Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. The Last Man. 1973.

Understanding Essay Samples for Cbest

Understanding Essay Samples for Cbest New Questions About Essay Samples for Cbest You need to get ready for every single form of question so you do not face any difficulty in the exam. Well, CBEST math is definitely the most difficult category in the full CBEST exams. Academic papers need you to identify a specific angle to pursue in writing, which is going to be the basis of the paper. Practice writing in cursive by means of a pencil. Essay Samples for Cbest Secrets To help you with the creative procedure, below are writing prompts designed to assist you avoid or overcome writer's block. The creating part of the CBEST is composed of 2 writing topic prompts that calculate your capacity to write effectively. Be certain your script has the acceptable tone for the circumstance and doesn't sound like reading a textbook. Make any adjustments to the writing you feel need to get made. The 30-Second Trick for Essay Samples for Cbest Thus, it's advised that you proceed through so me helpful advice and take a look at the samples to learn how to narrate a function. The 2 movies were two contradictory images of the way the sea is now, and the way it can be if it's looked after. When there are a couple varieties of essays, some are just too fantastic to write because it turns into an avenue to express emotions. Both eat a huge number of seeds of a lot of species. At least you should have the ability to calculate between two-digit numbers. It is possible to instantly get quote with distinct periods. The score for the entire test is figured with the addition of the person test scores from the 3 areas. The score for the whole test is figured by adding the individual test scores from the 3 sections. The Downside Risk of Essay Samples for Cbest If you don't find out how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be happy to help you. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive ess ay topics, don't do it. Neither topic demands any advanced, specialized understanding. Some sample topics are given below. What You Should Do to Find Out About Essay Samples for Cbest Before You're Left Behind Fourth, you can search for comprehensive CBEST math test questions from the net and get started practicing. There are lots of tools which may be utilized to assist you face difficult and challenging CBEST test questions. In any case, also make sure that grammar is in order. Word problems on your basic skills test will require you to earn logical deductions depending on the info provided. The New Fuss About Essay Samples for Cbest Our directory of completely free CBEST practice tests are given below. Therefore, it's never wrong to love. When the test day arrives you are going to have no surprises! Our talented writers can deal with just about any form of writing assignment, in addition to Math and Physics issues and a lot more. Make notes or an outline before you c ommence writing. Both topics are utilized to estimate the test-taker's writing ability. No matter what topic you're writing about, it's important that you've designed a writing process that's specific enough to enable you to progress rapidly through the writing process but general enough to make it possible for you to explore your creative course of action. The Ugly Secret of Essay Samples for Cbest Based on the approach you might desire to pursue, there are particular considerations about how to compose a reaction paper to a documentary you need to make. Your resume works if you receive the interview. 1 essay will ask you to compose an analysis of a certain situation or statement. Analysis essays separate a subject into its constituent parts for the intent of understanding their function with regard to the whole. The Fight Against Essay Samples for Cbest Educational requirements have to be a true necessity for the job. CBEST online courses provide convenience and simplic ity of usage. Although some say no cost public transportation would assist the environment and decrease traffic, others think no cost public transportation is too costly, and the government can't afford to cover it. Technology is very much part of contemporary life. Get the Scoop on Essay Samples for Cbest Before You're Too Late This essay is likely to end up being 300 to 600 words, so in the event you pick solid examples and make certain you are very clear in your explanations of things, it won't challenging to reach. The questions are presented as word difficulties and will request that you fix mathematical issues. You don't have to be technical, but use a number of words. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that can help you get through the essay with a very low quantity of stress. The 5-Minute Rule for Essay Samples for Cbest Tutors can offer invaluable help in guiding you to address some of the absolute most difficult CBEST math dif ficulties. To have the ability to pass the CBEST Reading test, make sure which you can compare unique ideas provided in a lot of CBEST reading selections. Studying for your test utilizing sample questions is among the absolute most efficient study practices it's possible to utilize. It is possible to enroll in a review center which allows individual tutoring or you'll be able to get an on-line CBEST tutor.

A Study of Bladerunner Essay - 2089 Words

A Study of Bladerunner In June of 1982, Warner Brothers released the highly anticipated Harrison Ford film Bladerunner. The film was directed by Ridley Scott, who earlier had a hit with Alien. Both films are science fiction films. The characteristics of the science fiction genre are quite broad. The main things science fiction films have in common are things such as the technology being far superior than today e.g. flying cars and bizarre, otherworldly imagery. However, Bladerunner also has elements of a film noir love story and detective films to set it apart from other science fiction films. Unfortunately, the film failed miserably at the box office, contrary to most peoples expectations.†¦show more content†¦Replicants are genetically engineered beings, who are so human that a machine has to be used to differentiate between the two, and are used for labour to build off-world colonies for humans to live on. A group of replicants, of the top of the Nexus 6 range, have arrived on Earth and it is D eckards duty to retire them. Ridley Scott made this film for many reasons. One of the reasons was that, Scott was trying to expose the problems in store for us in the future. The film makes us ask ourselves What if there was something superior to humans? Would we still be in control? Another question posed would be What if there was an international nuclear war? The film also shows the possible problems with pollution such as animal extinction and problems with the relationships between different life forms. The dangers of nuclear warfare and what scientists are doing are also shown. Scene 1 Eye on the city is quite shocking for the viewer. First, the viewer sees a high wide screen shot of a nightmarishly industrialised L.A. The panoramic shot shows us that the world is dark and is heavily industrialised, which indicates that it is set in the future. In the foreground and background we can see massive chimneys belching out flames of waste, clearly polluting the atmosphere. The shot changes to an extreme close shot of an eye, which shows the reflection ofShow MoreRelatedComparative Studies of Bladerunner and Frankenstein1157 Words   |  5 Pagestime. In Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†, she uses the gothic horror genre to explore some of the concerns of her time relating to the use of science and technology and its impact on humanity. Similar concerns are also present in Ridley Scott’s â€Å"Bladerunner†, a futuristic text which combines science fiction and film noir to present a bleak view of a future world overrun by technology and consumerism, but devoid of human emotion. Both these texts offer insights into the human experience namely betweenRead MoreThe s Neo Noir Film Bladerunner And Mary Shelley s Gothic Novel1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe community surrounding a person, or the lack thereof, can often shape and define one’s experience of the world. Ridley Scott’s neo-noir film Bladerunner and Mary Shelley’s gothic novel Frankenstein, both of which are science-fiction works that explore the complexities of genetic engineering and the consequences of the hubris it entails, demonstrate how one’s prolonged solitude, whether voluntary or involuntary, results in a warped vision of the world that causes one to act irrationally throughRead MoreHow Music Has Impacted My Life Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesOscar and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress (â€Å"Jared Leto: Biography†). This success likely contributed to his earning the role of the Joker in the recent Suici de Squad (2016) film. He is currently slated to appear in the upcoming feature, Bladerunner 2049 (2017), alongside (â€Å"Jared Leto: Biography). Behind the camera, Leto directs projects as well, often under the pseudonym, Bartholomew Cubbins (â€Å"Jared Leto: Biography†). He made his directorial debut in the documentary Artifact (2012), discussingRead MoreAnalysis of Bladerunner Essay2605 Words   |  11 Pagesopposition and through analysis of narrative structure. In my assignment I am going to consider how the couple is represented, and how the narrative structure and binary oppositions have influence on the plot of the story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Bladerunner is a dark, futuristic science fiction movie, which has been described as a hybrid of science fiction, film noir, detective thriller, bounty-hunter western and love story. Thus, it is a complex film, and there are many possibilities to consider asRead MoreRidley Scotts Blade Runner - Ananalysis2682 Words   |  11 Pagesresolution of binary opposition and through analysis of narrative structure. In my assignment I am going to consider how the couple is represented, and how the narrative structure and binary oppositions have influence on the plot of the story. Bladerunner is a dark, futuristic science fiction movie, which has been described as a hybrid of science fiction, film noir, detective thriller, bounty-hunter western and love story. Thus, it is a complex film, and there are many possibilities to considerRead MoreEssay Moral and Ethical Issues, A Comparative Study2300 Words   |  10 Pagesand early twenty -first- century mindset. We see it in films and adverts that dwell on dank futuristic images from a would where the last vestiges of individualism are slowly being expunged and machinery is our enemy. With Zardoz, Logans Run, Bladerunner, Brazil, The Matrix trilogy, AI and Minority Report all big box-office successes it is clear that this genre taps into something deep and dark within the contemporary soul and yet dystopia has always been with us. (Adrian Mourby). There are a number

Compare and Contrast Federal and State Prisons Free Essays

A penitentiary is an institution established and controlled by the government. The penitentiary system in the United Stated has as its primary goal of detaining, housing and punishing individuals who have been convicted of felony crimes. Up until the 19th century, prison systems were not common. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Federal and State Prisons or any similar topic only for you Order Now The common jail dates back to ancient times, but was used to detain persons temporarily until he or she was found innocent, fined, or subjected to corporal punishment. Generally, corporal punishment was most often reserved for the lower classes, since those with means were able to most fines levied against them. Those crimes that were not deemed capital crimes were punishable by means of public whippings, maiming, or being shamed. Historically, there have been two types of prisons or penitentiary systems in the United States. The Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary systems form the basis are penitentiary systems in the United States. Although the two share some of the same principles, they differ in many respects and it is not surprising that supporters of each type believe strongly that his or her preferred system is the most desirable and best represents that which characterizes the penal system. Hattery, 2007) The Pennsylvania system was introduced into American society by the Quakers and is far and away the more conservative of the two penitentiary systems. The religious Quakers sought to replace the existing cruel methods of punishment that had been associated with corporal punishment with mandated yet productive labor intensive methods. Prior to the enlightened Quakers entry int o the penal system, criminals were abused at the hands of both formal and informal governments. Punishment included branding, mutilation, whipping and other harsh punishments. Under the Pennsylvania system, prisoners are housed in individual cells. Prisoners are required to engage in unpaid laborious service for as long as he or she is housed in the government run institution. Working hours are clearly defined and convicts are expected to comply with prison policy. While imprisoned, convicts are not allowable to interact with other prisoners and if they come into contact with others, they are not allowed to engage in conversation. Haslam, 2008) The New York system, which was implemented at Auburn, is similar to the Pennsylvania system but markedly differs in that prisoners are allowed to form bonds with other prisoners. Prisoners were afforded the opportunity to interact with each other while working and they were also allowed to eat meals together. Under this model, socialization and relationships were not seen as an enemy of punishment; instead, relationships and socializatio n were seen as that which was inevitable. Under the New York system, prisoners were assigned separate cells where they slept. Generally, this was the only form of isolation allowed under the New York system. Although there seemed to be less rigidity than that of the Pennsylvania system, rules were strictly enforced. (Haslam, 2008) During World War II, the United States created prisoner of war camps at the request of the British allies who were unable to house large number of captives. During this period, numerous prisoners of war who happened to be of German and Italian nationality were housed on American military bases and were forced to provide prison labor. The POWs were treated in much the same way as modern prisoners are treated. The Prisoners were required to work while being held on the military installation and were expected to adhere to all prison camp policies. Since World War II, the prison system in the United States has grown tremendously. A somewhat foreseeable result of this growth has been the evolution of prison labor. Prisoners throughout the country work in numerous manufacturing and service industries. The growth of prison labor in the United States has come under attack by both Americans and human rights advocates around the world. Many people argue that the United States is hypocritical because it denounces China’s use of prison labor while encouraging the privatization of prisons at home. (Hattery, 2007) Works Cited Haslam, J. (2008). Pits, Pendulums, and Penitentiaries: Reframing the Detained Subject. Texas Studies In Literature and Language, 268-284. Hattery, E. S. (2007). If We Build it They Will Come: Human Rights Violations and the Prison Industrial Complex 1 . Societies Without Borders 2, 273 –288. How to cite Compare and Contrast Federal and State Prisons, Papers

Virgin Mobile Pricing Case Analysis free essay sample

Target under-served market segment Acquire approx. million total subscribers by end of year 1; 3 million by end of year 4 Low manufacturing cost cell phones Virtually zero fixed cost Alternative, lower-cost distribution channels Targeted advertising using traditional and non-traditional media Minimized churn (increased switching cost) through introducing value added services like VirginXtras and customer loyalty benefits Partnerships with other vendors catering to target segment These qualities do not fly with the young â€Å"empowered† generation Dissatisfaction with status quo creates opportunity for Virgin Mobile Competition Top six players service 76% of cell phone subscribers Wireless Subscribers in US (Q4 2001, in millions) †¢ Concentrated market dominated by large players †¢ Highly competitive space; top 6 providers price competitively and fight for market share Leap. There are other means to reduce churn †¢ Currently area of frustration †¢ Can be avoided with pre-pay †¢ Reduces risk, works well for more transient customer †¢ Little incentive to switch or sign up otherwise Expected Outcome †¢ Fosters customer loyalty †¢ Higher trust, lower turnover †¢ Higher satisfaction †¢ No surprise charges †¢ Attracts target customer †¢ Bypasses credit checks and the need for parental sign-offs †¢ Competitive, simple pricing = high willingness to try. We will write a custom essay sample on Virgin Mobile Pricing Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Getting rid of these fees will not only differentiate Virgin from its competitors, it will give Virgin a huge competitive advantage over its competitors. This also makes sense since most of the Virgin’s costs are variable. Key Components Continued†¦ †¢ Prepaid use – In line with the previous recommendation of not having any contracts, credit checks and hidden (over-usage) fees, we recommend to adopt the Prepaid option. This will not only minimize the risk of default by customers, it will also offer them flexibility to choose the price range they desire. †¢ Increase the switching cost – Based on the recommendation of pre-paid option and having no contracts, high churn rate among customers is expected. Network effect will help mitigate this risk by building customer loyalty. We recommend considering options such as low rate for in-network calling and text messaging, ability to play games within network, and exclusive content agreement with other networks similar MTV to increase the life time value of each customer. In addition, ability to earn loyalty points across Virgin products and bundling of the auxiliary services with the minute purchases will help retain customers. Appendix Appendix A Headset Price Ladder Minimize entry costs for price sensitive 15-29 target segment $225 Incumbent Cost $50 subsidy $80 $75 $29. 99 Virgin Mobile Cost Incumbent Price to Customer Virgin Mobile Price to Customer Appendix B Rate per Minute Price Ladder Price competitively to attract target segment yet avoid triggering competitive reaction $0. 75 Highest pre-paid $0. 425 $0. 40 $0. 28 Average current pre-paid Overage charge Virgin recommended prepaid $0. 175 $0. 115 $0. 09 $0. 72 Industry clone Lower than industry Virgin cost to serve Sprint cost to serve Appendix C Pricing Detail See footnote Monthly cost to serve in line with given assumption of cost = 45% of revenue during the first year for Option 1 (17. 986/40 = 45%). Same cost assumed for Option 2 3 since cost should not vary based on per minute price charged.

Social Commentary The Giver Essay Example

Social Commentary The Giver Paper Social commentary in literature is defined as â€Å"the act of using rhetorical means to provide commentary on issues in a society.† In â€Å"The Giver† by Lois Lowry, social commentary methods highlight some important social justice issues. In this essay I give evidence and examples of Lowry’s social commentary which show how her own concerns about aspects of today’s conventional cultural â€Å"wisdom†, social separateness and the immoral effects of social control. Lowry’s depiction of Jonas’s way of life in a dystopian community is both a description and commentary on the organisation of social life and social immorality; in her portrayal of the position of â€Å"the Elders† and their relationship with â€Å"the community† people we see a social hierarchy and an example of how peoples tendency to exercise self-control or control over others in societies. Lowry uses this aspect of the story to â€Å"voice† some so cial truths-when societies impose separateness among social groups social inequality develops; nevertheless people mostly do nothing no matter the consequence. â€Å"The community† is seemingly perfect; but through Jonas, we learn that what may look good isn’t always so. Here Lowry shows us how her fictional world is like our society-characterised by a culture which supports conformity, power and oppression-the Elders are like our own politicians who don’t do what we elect them to do, because they say, it is for the good of the country. Lowry’selders, like our politicians, are a small powerful social group whom having decided that â€Å"when people are given the opportunity to choose, they choose wrong†-take it upon themselves to control the decision making processes that affect the community. Lowry reminds us that if we let them a few powerful people will established a way to keep control over the actions and views of many others. The elders, like our government, have unashamedly established a complete system of rule We will write a custom essay sample on Social Commentary The Giver specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Commentary The Giver specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Commentary The Giver specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

IELTS Essay Samples - Finding the Right Ones Online

IELTS Essay Samples - Finding the Right Ones OnlineIf you're looking for IELTS essay samples, then you're not alone. There are thousands of students in the world that struggle with essay writing. Some can write well, while others cannot. The main thing to remember is that you cannot focus on your weaknesses and let it affect your entire essay.In order to write a strong, effective way, you have to work on all areas of your writing. You can't expect to be great at everything! Your goals are to learn how to do it so that you can write effective essays. In addition, you have to master one or two things before you can start learning the others. This will help you start writing an essay much quicker than before.One thing you have to work on is the basic editing of your essay. Even if you've written it all out yourself, it will still need some editing to make it readable for you. You should try to look over the essay as soon as possible after you start writing it to ensure that you're not g oing to run into any mistakes.In order to look over the essay, you should have a quick idea of the sort of essay you're writing. This can be based on your course material or it can be based on topics you know. If you have knowledge of topics, you can work your way through the topics slowly so that you can understand what is being taught. At the same time, this will make it easier for you to spot your weak points.When you're looking for IELTS essay samples, you should take advantage of online sites that offer them for free. While most people can find what they need online, not all of them can use these resources. It's important that you take advantage of those that offer these resources for free so that you can get a feel for how it's done. This will help you see how it's done and what skills you need to get it right.You can also use online tools to help you in writing the essay. For example, you can get some ideas by reading through previous essays by other students in your class. O f course, this doesn't mean that you copy and paste the information straight from these essays. Rather, you can use the information to get a feel for how to structure your own essay.You can also check out online tutorials to learn how to write an essay. These are great to use because you can see exactly how a student did it. In addition, you can learn from other students that may not have had the same issues as you and will use their experience to help you through your own essay.As long as you take advantage of all of these resources, you can take the next step in learning how to write a strong and effective essay. After all, no one wants to read a piece of paper and end up having to turn it in. Good luck!

Japanese Tea Ceremony essays

Japanese Tea Ceremony essays Tea was first introduced to Japan along with Buddhism from China in the 6th century, but the Emperor Shomu introduced tea drinking to the country. During the Heian period (794-1185), tea was made from steamed and dried tea leaves ground into a powder called macha. In the 15th century, Juro Murata introduced many of the concepts of spirituality into tea ceremony, including the special room only used for the chanoyu. Tea ceremonies were required to follow a certain order. Zen Buddhist concepts in the tea ceremony were introduced by Sen no Rikyu, a Japanese tea master. During the second half of the 16th century, Sen no Rikyu created the ceremony that is now practiced and taught in Japan called Chado. He also designed a separate building for the ceremony based on a typical Japanese farmer's hut. He further formalized the tea ceremony's rules and identified the spirit of chanoyu with four basic Buddhist principles of harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility. They represent the ideals of the tea ceremony. Sen no Rikyu believed that we could reach tranquillity in the mind after we achieved harmony, respect, and purity. Chado includes almost all aspects of Japanese culture. For example, flower arrangement, ceramic, calligraphy, etc. According to Hisamatsu Shinichi, Chado is an incarnation of Buddhism. That is not entirely true. Not only Buddhism but also others including Taoism and Confucianism have influenced Chado The ceremony takes place in a room designed and designated for tea. It is called the cha*censored*su. Usually this room is inside the tea house, away from the house, in the garden. The guests are brought into the waiting room. Here, the assistant to the host offers them the hot water which will be used to make tea. While here, the guests choose one of their group to act as the main guest. The assistant then leads them to a garden. They then sit on the waiting bench, and wait for the host. ...

5 Ways to Network with DailyWritingTips.com

5 Ways to Network with DailyWritingTips.com 5 Ways to Network with DailyWritingTips.com 5 Ways to Network with DailyWritingTips.com By Mark Nichol DailyWritingTips.com readers often ask us about our presence on social networks, so in this post, we provide details about how to interact with DWT and with other people who care about how they communicate. 1. Find us on Facebook, at Facebook.com/DailyWritingTips. There, you will see links to DailyWritingTips.com posts and can check out comments by other readers. (Please like our page if you haven’t already done so!) 2. Follow us on Twitter, at Twitter.com/Writing_tips. All posts are published on our Twitter stream, so if you follow us, you can link to them through our tweets. 3. Add us to your Google+ circles to stay up to date on our posts and possibly to join us on future hangouts. 4. If you’d like to ask a question about a post or respond to the post perhaps you have an additional example or another good strategy to share with others submit a comment at the bottom of the post. 5. If you have a suggestion for a post topic, or a question unrelated to a post, our email address is info@dailywritingtips.com. (However, if you have a question or a thought about a particular post, it’s better to comment, because then thousands of other readers can see what you have to say, too, and perhaps respond to your note.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Abstract Nouns from Adjectives45 Idioms with "Roll"

Identify an assesment tool analyse and critically discuss the validity Essay

Identify an assesment tool analyse and critically discuss the validity and reliability issues in relation to the tool - Essay Example The multitude of assessment tools, on the one hand, presents medical professionals with a unique opportunity to choose and use the tools that fit their needs and the needs of their patients. On the other hand, the multiplicity of tools creates conditions, in which variations in wound care practices may work against the principles of effective monitoring and measurement of ulcer healing. The Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) and the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT/ PSST) are the two most popular assessment tools in wound care, but it is more important and even interesting to reconsider the validity and reliability (if possible) of other wound assessment instruments. This paper will seek to evaluate and investigate the reliability and validity of the Sussman Wound Healing Tool (SWHT). Pressure ulcers or pressure sores present a ‘chronic problem of debilitated elders who are mainly bed or chair bound or unable to reposition themselves. The pressure ulcer is a localized area of tissue necrosis that develops when soft tissue is compressed against a bony prominence and an external surface for a long period of time† (Ebersole, Hess & Luggen 2004, p. 144). Pressure ulcers are usually the results of pressure, skin breakdown, maceration, or shearing (Baranoski & Ayello 2003; Ebersole, Hess & Luggen 2004). They can range from simple reddening to severe craters with exposed bone or muscle (Bluestein & Javaheri 2008). They are staged in four different categories: stage I can heal rapidly; stage II is treated effectively if patients avoid pressure and other risk factors; stage III requires using antiinfective agents and sometimes enzymatic debridement, whilst stage IV is associated with large and deep ulcers that often require surgical debridement of the necrotic tissue (Bates-Jensen et al 2003; Coleman et al 2002; Ebersole, Hess & Luggen, 2004). Given the importance of wound healing in different groups of

Liberal Arts current political controversies Research Paper

Liberal Arts current political controversies - Research Paper Example Simply speaking, if one takes into consideration the ethical, political and strategic issues related to the usage of drones as warfare devices, one simply comes to the conclusion that the drone usage is not only unethical and wrong, but pragmatically speaking, it is also counterproductive. One salient factor that both ethically and practically puts to question the combat usage of drones is the number of civilian deaths that could be attributed to drones (Clodfelter 252). Though the CIA and the military emphatically try to dilute the overall emotional and ethical significance of the civilian deaths caused by drones by labeling these deaths as the ‘collateral damage’, yet, the fact is that a responsible and ethics driven nation like the United States of America simply could not resort to the usage of a technology that has the potential to cause unwanted civilian causalities (Clodfelter 252). The Bureau of Investigative Journalism tends to put the civilian deaths caused by drone strikes between 446 and 978, of which 179 to 209 happened to be children (Matthews 1). There is no denying the fact that the usage of a technology that has the potential to kill innocent children and civilians simply could not be justified by extending any tactical or strategic reason. Besides, the global association of drones with the death of innocent children and civilians jeopardizes the very image and reputation of the United States of America (Brunstetter & Braun 340). The civilian deaths caused by drones make people associate US with arrogance and highhandedness and makes them go against the US (Brunstetter & Braun 341). Thereby this depletion of the nation’s image and the unwanted and unwarranted civilian deaths must immediately be stopped by putting a ban on the usage of drones for tactical strikes. Besides, the drone usage in the light of the civilian causalities is counterproductive as it embarrasses the politicians who have to deal with the ramifications of such blunders and many a times make the non-combatants take the enemy side. The other big factor that puts to question the tactical usage of drones without US is that the drones not only negatively impact the collective moral of the military personnel, but they also hamper the gaining of situational awareness by the forces deployed on the ground (Hazelton 30). Deployment at the forward posts or behind the enemy lines, while evincing a sense of camaraderie with the fellow colleagues and working on the basis of the inputs facilitated by the intelligence agencies and the informers, turns the military personnel into highly motivated and skilled combatants. Besides, the forces deployed on the ground do have the ability to differentiate between the civilians and the enemies and this immensely decreases the scope for collateral damage. The other thing is that an effective military campaign is always based on the situational awareness gained by the forces at the ground level (Hazelton 30). The warriors operating on the frontline have a thorough understanding of the ethical and tactical objectives they aspire to achieve. However, both these objectives are simply curtailed by the usage of drones. The people operating drones from the faraway locations neither tend

Indias Economic Engagements with Sub-Saharan Africa

Indias Economic Engagements with Sub-Saharan Africa INTRODUCTION Africa till recent past quite easily qualified for the unceremonious category of â€Å"hopeless continent† that largely failed to provide basic services to their people that have non-existent or fragile government and are subjected to regular outside interference. Decades of impoverishment, factional feuds, power struggles, natural calamities, harsh living conditions and exploitative attitude of global powers ravaged most of the countries of Africa pushing them to bottom of the third world, incapable of sustaining themselves despite enormous wealth of natural resources. A lot has changed recently, wherein democracy has not only found its feet but also, strengthened manifolds leading to economic growth. There has been renewed interest of many powers, world over to engage with Africa as its equal partner, while boundaries of power take a new shape. This has its roots in ever increase in positive narrative of Africa. The history indicate a long and ancient account of indo-African relations[1], with Africa being a host to Indian Diaspora for a reasonably long time. Recent times have witnessed a new set of dynamics emerging in the form of rapid expansion of relations. In 2010/11 Indo-African trade reached USD 45 billion and is expected to grow beyond USD 75 billion by 2015[2]. While carrying out any study on Africa it will be important to understand the human scene with an attention toward a general review of the kinds of peoples and social organisations that are to be found in Africa. In societies, such as those of traditional sub- Saharan Africa, which have a fairly simple socio-economic structure, the various sectors of human life which are organised and from which stem a measure of established authority are more closely interwoven than in more complex societies[3]. Each area of life is more sensitive to change and to influences emanating from every other part. Human life is simpler, because its needs are fewer and the methods of satisfying them are more restricted and more sharply defined. The native Africans need to be contrasted with millions of Europeans, Indians and Syrians apart from sprinkling of people from all over the world. A special character emerges owing to the disparity which has been impacted by outside world on its original form. Hence it becomes imperative that any evaluation of present situation on the continent and particularly any planning for the future, regard the indigenous African and his traditional way of life and thought as a major factor in determining the facts and assessing the probable results of change. While US shifts its focus on Asia-Pacific region, China competes with all emerging powers for energy resources and markets for finished products apart from a big time engagement in infrastructure development. India’s growth, though not as spectacular as China, its capitalist interests are ambitious to extend their commercial reach. The pursuit for economic growth has superseded previous outlook of Indian foreign policy which has provided drive to the commercial ventures in newer avenues. Africa, as portrayed by ex Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as ‘a major growth pole of the world[4]’, can be viewed for new investment sites, export markets and capital accumulation for Indian-based interests[5]. The launch of Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM) as part of its â€Å"Focus Africa† initiative can be regarded as a stepping stone towards upsurge in economic activity[6]. The project initially targeted Ethiopia, Kenya and Mauritius with extension of lines of credit i n support of goods export to these countries. Engagement is the buzz word for today’s world and involves many dimensions, to include politics, trade and commerce, security, infrastructure, capacity and capability building etc. India continues to deploy troops in Peace keeping missions in Sudan as well as Democratic Republic of Congo under UN flag apart from provision of expert advice as part of defence cooperation to many countries such as Nigeria, Zambia, Lesotho and Botswana in development and transformation of their militaries. The western analysts have propounded many theories with respect to nature of Indian engagement with Africa; some see it as a supplier of investment and aid donor whereas others narrate ‘benign and nuanced approach; while it lacks in foreign reserves to compete with Chinese cheque book diplomacy and futility of economic munificence alone. Ian Taylor in his paper titled India’s rise in Africa questions if â€Å"India is a scrambler or a development partner†, a self interested actor bent on exploitation or one that aspires to some level of mutual benefit[7]. Amidst these analyses the most pertinent factor which needs to be seen is how African leaders seek to leverage Indian engagements. Thus politics comes to fore, which has two related dimensions, the competitive pursuit of private interests, and the determination of public policy. Observing the priority of African elites to accelerate efforts to improve the conditions, develop institutions and enabling infrastructure for overall growth, a discussed/researched approach for symbiotic relationship holds the key to any engagement. While addressing its national interests in the area, a holistic study of all possible areas of mutually beneficial engagements will add to focussed betterment of the region at large. The mutually beneficial engagements should allow a lasting impact in polity as well as common public of sub Saharan Africa that their true interests and future lie with India. The skilled yet jobless youth of India can find meaningful engagements in these countries contributing to th eir capacities while earning goodwill, friendship and favourable environment for enhanced engagements. The study seeks to analyse existing engagements of India with sub Saharan Africa in fields like economy, military, education etc. with examination of feasibilities to enhance the same, as the opportunities, which emerge in contemporary times in the backdrop of highly competitive world may not arrive/ relent in times to come. The study has been organised into various chapters as under:- (a)Chapter I: India’s Africa Policy in Contemporary Times. (b)Chapter II: India-Africa Security Cooperation and its Evolution. (c)Chapter III: Economic Situation in Sub Saharan Africa. (d)Chapter IV: India’s Initiatives in Sub Saharan Africa. (e)Chapter V: Indian Diaspora and its Contribution. (f)Chapter VI: Way Ahead. CHAPTER I INDIA’S AFRICA POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES Post independence, seventeen years of Nehruvian era witnessed non-alignment as the corner stone of India’s foreign policy. This was adopted primarily as a visionary policy based on idealism. The geography as well as fragile economic conditions acted as material reasons for following a policy of non alignment, which certain academicians view as a safe path to seek cooperation of big powers and prevent any power bloc from turning hostile, apart from Nehru’s strong conviction against balance of power, military alliances and rush to exhibit military power. India became extremely inward looking during Cold war era as it was marred by its domestic problems. Persistent levels of poverty, rising corruption and poor governance during 1970’s and 1980’s along with tumultuous neighbourhood tied India to sub-regional and national issues, overlooking African Continent as being irrelevant to its National interests. Post cold war the policy mandarins in Delhi were compelled to reshape its foreign policy, taking into account the new impulses of global arena. In addition, India’s growth rates have averaged at around 6% per annum since 1990’s, after taking off in 1980’s[8]. India’s pro-business strategy followed by liberalisation in early 1990’s along with refocus of Indian Companies to fresh markets and investment opportunities in regions having large Indian diasporas resulted in consolidation of old ties. Impressive growth rates allowed India to address its internal problems and fine tune its foreign policy with economic ambitions. After a detailed arrangement to send envoys to sub Saharan countries during 1996-97 as a mark of reaffirmation of India’s assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of south-south partnership[9], the Government of India increased its involvement with African states further in 2003. This was followed with announcement of Indian Development Initiative. India is in drastic need of finding new suppliers of energy and other primary resources. For India to become a global power it must grow above 8 percent annually for at least two decades. The assured availability of energy will be a key factor. India despite its domestic production of oil and natural gas will still incrementally require additional resources of energy. India’s hydrocarbon import dependency has been predicted to rise from current 70 percent to almost 92 percent by 2030[10]. As true to any Nation, the continued growth of India depends on availability of raw materials for industrial production and energy sources to support industries. As per reports till 2009, India imported 70% of its oil requirements and provided heavy subsidies on domestic prices, leading to double digit inflation figures after being under 6%[11] for 13 years. India’s Africa policy has laid emphasis on expansion and diversification of supply sources and to that end Indian national oil co mpanies have purchased equity stakes in overseas oil and gas fields to ensure reserves and provide a boost to production capability. These include fields in Africa, Southeast Asia South, America and Caspian Sea region. Despite these efforts the majority imports arrive from Middle east where Indian companies struggle for direct access or investments[12]. The tilt in relations of immediate neighbours of India towards China, tensions with Pakistan, competition with China and demonstration of African partners as all weather friends during world wide sanctions post nuclear tests were the major motivators for India to reformulate its foreign policy. While India is seeking to be a more dominant power and credibility in global scene, it is increasingly relying on Southern backing. Objectives of Indian National interests appear to be fulfilled through newly identified means of â€Å"Aid†. On one hand India rejected foreign aid from most of its donors in 2003 to draw attention of world order to its self sufficiency in tackling its internal problems of poverty, corruption etc. and on the other hand to reflect its role as a new donor. India initiated its development assistance way beyond its immediate neighbours along with scaling up of diplomatic initiatives within Africa, increasing the number of Indian embassies in the continent. It a lso covered the regional divisions of Africa by creating three joint secretaries[13]. Historical and ideological linkages between India and African countries have been important factor, too.1950s witnessed south-south cooperation as a platform for struggle by former colonies for independence and greater autonomy. Bandung conference of 1955 brought together 29 Asian countries with Africa to promote cultural and economic cooperation in Asian-African region. Mutual interest and respect for national sovereignty was the basis of this conference. NAM came to being in 1961 and Group of 77 in 1964, which were viewed as anti hegemonic. India and China championed these movements and have been in competition to lead the representation of Southern states, since then. While China provided military assistance for liberation movements, India was assisted in anti- apartheid struggles in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Ideals of Mahatma Gandhi were integral to India’s foreign policy, who has been quoted to have said that â€Å"ideas and services will be drivers of commerce between India and Africa unlike Western exploiters busy in trading manufactured goods against raw materials†. This resulted in emergence of India’s philosophy of developmental assistance to Africa which culminated in creation of ITEC programme[14]. This placed training and capacity building ahead of financial assistance. During Delhi declaration of India-Africa Forum Summit in 2008 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, announced that: â€Å"The time has come to create a new architecture for our engagement in the 21st Century. We visualise a partnership that is anchored in the fundamental principles of equality, mutual respect and mutual benefit. Working together, the two billion people of India and Africa can set an example of fruitful cooperation in the developing world†[15]. The Indian policy makers identified the pre conditions of Western donors which was attached for a long time on any aid without aligning it with the aspect of developing the productive ‘supply side’ of economies. A model of developmental assistance with minimal conditions and respect for the national sovereignty worked out by Indian policy makers appeared to be more acceptable and less imposing. A new body for governing India’s outgoing development assistance, called development Partnership Administration (DPA) has been set up under the Economic Relations Division of MEA, which is just short of an â€Å"aid† agency. It is mandated to streamline administrative issues of entire process apart from assessing the effectiveness of credit lines that India is extending to its partners.[16] It primarily allowed African states to set terms of agreement and overall purpose of aid. In 2009, Paul Kagame, president of Rwanda, announced his desire that:- â€Å"All would benefit if the world focused on increasing investment in Africa, and if Rwanda and the rest of the continent worked to establish more equitable international partnerships. A trade relationship built on this new approach would be more helpful in reaching what should be our common goal: sustainable development, mutual prosperity and respect†[17] Value and Sector based distribution of Lines of Credit   Source: Indian Development Cooperation Research at Centre for Policy Research India’s security concerns and contribution into stability of African security are also related issues with an aim to secure its National interests. Owing to deteriorating conditions of piracy at sea on West Africa and existent threat off the coast of African horn, there lies an opportunity to exercise its well espoused maritime doctrine published in 2004 and revised in 2009[18]. India’s experience in UN peace keeping missions especially in Africa has its origin in contributions to ensure stability of the region. There exists a framework for defence cooperation in the form of training teams to evolve better training programmes for the countries it is engaged with. India’s naval presence is largely restricted to anti piracy in the gulf region, but there exists a wider scope for enhanced engagement in operations as well as training with a broader aim of addressing strategically important Indian Ocean rim. Analysis What emerges from the study of evolution of India’s foreign policy with respect to Africa, is that the main drivers of India’s relations with Africa present a tricky mix of strategic, economic and political factors based on national interests of India with complex set of internally diverse actors and historically stated policy of non alignment generally understood as non interference, thus providing enough space for the other partners to have a say in engagements. In effect, India has sought to develop and pursue a strategic partnership simultaneously maintaining bilateral policy objectives. African relations are suggestive of being a conduit to India’s wider international objectives with a focus on improving trade as well as political conditions not only for itself but also developing nations at large employing its economic and political muscle. As part of revisionist approach India has pushed hard for reconfiguration of some of the institutions of global govern ance. African nations have been observed as useful allies in such ventures, as almost all of them have backed India in its bid for permanent seat in UN Security Council. The critics of the subject have highlighted certain specific issues with respect to hidden intent of India, incoherent policies, pitfalls in thought process by way of over reliance on nostalgia of Nehruvian era and over stretched MEA with limited staff to address a huge area and lack of decentralised agency to ensure correct and transparent implementation policies on ground. A relatively ad-hoc system of overseeing various policy issues have led to significant gaps in implementation of identified thematic areas. Though India’s private sector actors drive numerous commerce related agendas, businesses haven’t progressed based on the regional strengths against the backdrop of fragile security conditions. Issues of poor infrastructure, lack of access to finance for small traders and limited logistic support act as impediments that need to be addressed to harness unprecedented opportunities that emerge for Indian companies. The experts also point at pitfalls in public-privat e economic diplomacy approach to Africa largely due to poor coordination, lack of long term vision and enthusiasm to pursue apart from poor market intelligence. Despite provision of Lines of Credit commitments, in consonance with the principle of mutually beneficial development cooperation, engagement on economic affairs also should seek enhanced role and integration of Confederation of Indian industries, with pan-African mechanisms such as NEPAD (The New Partnership for Africa’s Development), AU (African Union) and AfDB (African Development Bank Group). As more and more oil imports are planned from traditional oil producing countries in Africa, security strategies need to be put into place in greater details. Countries like Nigeria which are one amongst the largest oil suppliers to India from Africa face internal as well as external security crisis. While groups like Boko Haram pose threats closer home to various oil producing infrastructure, emerging piracy in the west coast of Africa pose threat at sea. The scrounge of piracy has been addressed in a very limited manner by certain groupings like Economic community of West African States(ECOWAS), India’s capabilities in defence and familiarity with wide ranging security concerns can empower ECOWAS to address insecurity caused by rising piracy on the region. India needs to consider initiating economic diplomatic strategy including maritime defence cooperation and innovative infrastructural financing mechanism aimed to benefit local development in gas and oil producing countrie s in Africa while securing imports that could assist in India’s need for fuel. To sum up the analysis it is felt that India has tremendous potential and value to stimulate development and economic growth across Africa, but it has lacked to articulate a coherent Africa Policy which appeals Africans. In addition, more clarity needs to be brought into the actual agencies dealing with India’s development cooperation to Africa along with a vibrant spokesperson who clarifies any ambiguities which are perceived in daily discourse of business. A greater coordination of Indian private sector with African regional and continental governance frame works rather than bilateral engagements will bring better prospects. [1] Beri R, ‘India’s Africa policy in the post-Cold War era: an assessment’, Strategic Analysis 27: 2, 2003, p 216–32 [2] Noury V, ‘Trade levels grow by 400% in five years’, African Business, Jan. 2012, p. 35. [3] Peter FM Mc Ewwan and Sutcliffe Robert B, ‘The Study of Africa’, p 13. [4] Times of India, 24 May 2011. [5] Agrawal S, Emerging donors in international development assistance: the India case (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, Partnership and Business Development Division, 2007), p.7 [6] Noury Valerie, ‘Trade levels grow by 400% in five years’, African Business, Jan 2012, Issue 382, p. 35. [7] Corkin L and Naidu S, ‘China and India in Africa: an introduction’, Review of African Political Economy 35: 1,2008, pp. 115–116. [8] Jenkins Edwards, 2006:2007 [9] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India#Africa, accessed on 03 Nov 2014. [10] Gupta Ranjit, Special Commentary, India and Gulf: Looking beyond Energy, Islam and the Diaspora, www.ipcs.org, accessed on 03 Nov 2014. [11] Mc Carthy Tom, Assessing China and India’s New Role in Africa, www.e-ir.info /2011/07/26, accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [12] Independent Statistics and Analysis by US Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=in , accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [13] Mc Carthy Tom, Assessing China and India’s New Role in Africa, www.e-ir.info /2011/07/26, accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [14] 50 years of ITEC, www.mea.gov.in / uploads/PublicationDocs/24148_Revised_50yrs_of ITEC_brochure.pdf, accessed on 03 Nov 2014 [15] www.idsa.in, 9 April 2008, accessed on 04 Nov 2014 [16] www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/aid-from-india-coming-to-a-country-near-you/article 3859607.ece , accessed on 04 Nov 2014. [17] www.paulkagame.com/speeches_main_3.php, accessed on 04 Nov 2014 [18] Indian Maritime Doctrine release (release ID: 52223), Indian MoD, 28 August 2009, pib.nic.in /newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52223, accessed 04 Nov 2014 ; News article titled â€Å"Maritime doctrine makes subtle changes in principles of war†, published in THE HINDU, on 30 Aug 2009, accessed on 04 Nov 2014 www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/maritime-doctrine-makes-subtle-changes-in-principle-of-war/article216179.ece